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A 43-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of tiredness and reduced libido. He had not been found to have diabetes mellitus.
On examination, his body mass index was 22.4 kg/m2 (18-25), he was poorly virilised and had 10 mL testes.
Investigations:
serum cortisol (09.00 h)220 nmol/L (200-700) serum testosterone4 nmol/L (9.0-35.0) plasma follicle-stimulating hormone1.2 U/L (1.0-7.0) plasma luteinising hormone1.2 U/L (1.0-10.0) serum prolactin150 mU/L (<360) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone1.2 mU/L (0.4-5.0) serum free T48.2 pmol/L (10.0-22.0)
serum insulin-like growth factor 17.8 nmol/L (5.6-23.3)
MR scan of pituitaryempty sella; no mass lesion
An insulin tolerance test was advised to assess both cortisol and growth hormone reserve.
What is the most appropriate dose of insulin (in units/kg body weight) to administer?

• A. 0.05
• B. 0.1
• C. 0.5
• D. 1.0
• E. 0.01

A 54-year-old man on the neurosurgery unit developed hyponatraemia 3 days after presenting with a significant head injury. His Glasgow coma score (GCS) had been 6 on admission.
On examination, his GCS was 12. His blood pressure was 124/84 mmHg. There was no
oedema.
Investigations:
serum sodium118 mmol/L (137-144)
serum urea3.0 mmol/L (2.5-7.0)
serum creatinine72 umol/L (60-110)
random serum cortisol (08.00 h on day of review)480 nmol/L
serum thyroid-stimulating hormone1.2 mU/L (0.4-5.0)
random urinary sodium60 mmol/L
What is the most appropriate interpretation of these data?

• A. intravascular volume depletion
• B. the urinary sodium concentration is diagnostic of cerebral salt wasting
• C. the diagnosis would be helped by measurement of plasma vasopressin concentration
• D. a short tetracosactide (Synacthen@) test (250 micrograms) is required to exclude secondary hypoadrenalism
• E. they are consistent with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis

A 58-year-old man was referred to the endocrine clinic after a CT scan of abdomen had shown a 4.5-cm left adrenal mass, with a Hounsfield unit measurement of 11 (consistent with high lipid content). He had a 10-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and was taking metformin. He was also taking atenolol for hypertension.
On examination at the clinic, his blood pressure was 162/94 mmHg. He was centrally obese with a body mass index of 27 kg/m2 (18-25).
Investigations:
serum potassium3.9 mmol/L (3.5-4.9)
plasma renin activity (after 30 min upright)1.0 pmol/mL/h (3.0-4.3)
plasma aldosterone (after 4 h upright)680 pmol/L (330-830)
overnight dexamethasone suppression test (after 1 mg dexamethasone):
serum cortisol164 nmol/L (<50)
24-h urinary free cortisol132 nmol (55-250)
24-h urinary catecholamines
(adrenaline and noradrenaline)normal
As the lesion was >4 cm in diameter, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was recommended.
What is the most appropriate advice to give to the surgical team about perioperative
management?

• A. give preoperative ?-adrenergic receptor blockade in case the lesion is an occult phaeochromocytoma
• B. short tetracosactide (Synacthen@) test 48 h postoperatively
• C. measure cortisol and aldosterone 2 weeks postoperatively
• D. no special precautions are required
• E. give corticosteroid cover during and after surgery and reassess postoperatively

A 27-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus was invited to attend a structured education (e.g. DAFNE) coursE.
Which quality of life domain is most affected when a person is found to have type 1 diabetes mellitus?

• A. family life
• B. freedom to eat as one wishes
• C. sex life
• D. working life and work-related opportunities
• E. enjoyment of leisure activities

A 30-year-old man was reviewed in the diabetes clinic. He had type 1 diabetes mellitus of 6 months' duration, treated with subcutaneous insulin in a basal bolus regimen (short-acting insulin three times daily; long-acting insulin once daily).
Investigations:
haemoglobin A1c52 mmol/mol (20-42)
At what arterialised venous blood glucose threshold would a patient typically expect to develop neuroglycopenic symptoms?

• A. 3.5-3.9 mmol/L
• B. <2.3 mmol/L
• C. 3.1-3.4 mmol/L
• D. 2.3-2.6 mmol/L
• E. 2.7-3.0 mmol/L